Episode 6 of 14 · 2 min read
The Secondary Assessment: History, Signs and Symptoms
Once the primary survey says nothing is immediately life-threatening, the secondary assessment works out what is actually wrong. It has three parts: history, signs and symptoms.
History
With a conscious casualty this is easier: they can talk you through it. If not, ask witnesses or family.
- What actually happened?
- Any allergies that could be relevant today?
- Are they on any medication?
- Any past medical history that fits the picture?
- When did they last eat or drink?
Signs: what you can see
Pale skin, sweating, a flushed face, a medical alert bracelet, visible injuries. On an unresponsive casualty you may also notice smells: alcohol, or a sweet, fruity breath that can indicate high blood sugar.
Symptoms: what they can tell you
Nausea, dizziness, pain and where it is. Signs plus symptoms plus history point you to the right treatment.
Common questions
What is the difference between signs and symptoms?
A sign is something you can see or observe, like pale skin or sweating. A symptom is something the casualty tells you, like feeling sick or pain in the chest.
When do you do a secondary assessment?
After the primary survey, once you know the casualty has no immediately life-threatening problem. It gathers history, signs and symptoms to decide treatment.
Related skills
Go beyond reading
Skills stick when you practise them
A certified course puts these skills in your hands: real CPR practice, real feedback, a recognised certificate for work. One-day Emergency First Aid at Work courses run across the UK.
Find a certified courseFirst Aid Guru guides support learning and refreshing your knowledge. They are not a substitute for regulated, hands-on first aid training or for professional medical advice. In an emergency call 999 (UK) and follow the call handler's instructions.